LPC Library - APA Format & Information, Parenthetical Documentation, Sample Reference List
NoodleBib - Generate, edit, and publish an APA References list or MLA Works Cited list that complies with the rules of the current APA Publication Manual and MLA Handbook. It is a Web application that allows you to create and edit APA reference lists and MLA works cited lists online. Add and edit references on the fly. It will take care of punctuation and producing a polished source list that's correctly formatted and ready to print!
Create a personal ID first. Every list that you create in NoodleBib will be stored in a personal folder that you open by entering a personal ID and password of your choosing. Follow the directions on the login screen to create your personal ID and open your personal folder, then click the "Start New List" button on the personal folder screen. Select MLA or APA Advanced and give your new list a short name that will distinguish it in your folder from other lists you will create. Under the "My Bibliography" tab, select the source of your first citation from the dropdown menu at the top of the screen and click the "Go" button. You will be guided through a series of forms, which ask you to enter the information you know about the source. Fill in the forms with as much information as you can, and click the "Generate Citation"button at the bottom when you're done. Your first entry will be displayed, correctly formatted.
NoodleBib User's Guide
- complete information on use and instructor and student information on sharing and emailing lists (page 34).
APA Format
Term Paper Information
- Format: Typed, double-spaced, with 1 inch margins all around, the beginning of each paragraph indented 5 spaces. Type a short version of your title, followed by five spaces and the page number in the upper right-hand corner of each page. Number all pages, including the title page.
- Title Page: APA manual provides no guidelines for the title page, but most instructors will want you to include one. Center the paper title in upper and lowercase about 3 inches from the top of the page, with your name on the next line below. Follow those lines with a line each for date and instructor's name. Number the title page as page 1.
- Abstract: A one-paragraph summary of the most important elements of the paper on a separate page following the title page.
- First Page of Text: Include the title centered as the first line. Short title and page number at top right margin of all pages.
- Cite Sources: All direct quotes must be cited; all ideas or facts taken from some other writer, even though in your own words, must be cited. It is PLAGIARISM if you copy another's words without quoting! If you paraphrase another's ideas or words without giving credit to the author, it is also PLAGIARISM! Keep the printouts of your sources, or write out all pertinent information on author, title, publisher, date, Internet location, or whatever is necessary to identify where you got the information on which you based your paper.
- Reference List: Use the guidelines in the following pages to write up your citations in the proper bibliographic format. Start the reference list (bibliography or works cited) on a new page, following the body of the paper. Double space between the title and the first entry. Double-space the entire list, between entries as well as within entries. Begin the entry flush with the left margin. If an entry runs more than one line, indent the subsequent lines five spaces from the left margin, to highlight the authors' name in the list. See last page for sample Reference List.
General APA Citation Rules
- All titles of works that contributed ideas and information to the paper should be listed. Title your list of references, "References."
- Use the samples entries as a guide to the appropriate punctuation in each citation (capitalization, punctuation, use of italics, etc).
- Alphabetize your references by the first word of each citation.
- Ignore A, AN, or THE when alphabetizing.
- If your list includes two or more works by the same author, arrange the entries by date, the earliest first.
- Use initials instead of first names for author's names, such as, Hardy, B.
- Italicize the titles of books; capitalize only the first word of the title and subtitle (and all proper nouns).
- Capitalize names of magazines, newspapers, and journals as normally written.
- Use "p." and "pp." as abbreviations for "page" and "pages" before the page numbers of newspaper articles and articles in edited books
- Do not use abbreviations for "page" or "pages" before the page numbers for articles appearing in magazines and journals.
Parenthetical Documentation
APA recommends parenthetical documentation instead of footnoting. Parenthetical documentation is a brief reference in the paper directly after the sentence or paragraph in which you quote from the book or use its ideas. (Author, year, p. 27) referring to page 27 of a book listed in the Reference List takes the place of a footnote. (Author, year, p. 27) guides the reader of the paper to the full entry for that author in the Reference List. If the Reference List refers to a work by title, use a shortened form of the title and page number. Examples follow.
- When the author is mentioned in the sentence only put the year in the parentheses immediately following the author's name. At the end of the sentence cite the page number in parentheses. Place the period after the parentheses, not within the quotation marks. For example: Carter Hardy (2000) believes that the "increased intake of sugar cereals among teachers has significantly raised classroom narcolepsy" (p. 106).
- When the author is not mentioned by name in the text, put the author's last name, year and the page number in the parentheses. For example: "Increased intake of sugar cereals among teachers has significantly raised classroom narcolepsy" (Hardy, 2000, p. 106).
- When there is no author, use the first word (or first few words) of the title of the book or article (article title words in quotations). Many people lament the loss of quality television time to the imposition of family interaction ("America", 1997, p. 33). Note that you do not use quotation marks around the citation of a periodical article in the reference list, but you do use quotations around the shortened form of the article title in APA parenthetical documentation.
- When there are two authors: "If you think about it, the human species produces more tin foil than plastic wrap" (Clinton & Bush, 2002, p. 90).
If a work has three, four, or five authors, list all the authors the first time you cite the reference: (Clinton, Bush, & Reagan, 1987, p. 99). Thereafter, cite it with the first author's name, followed by the abbreviation "et al." (Clinton et al., 1987, p. 95).
If the work has six or more authors cite the first author's name followed by "et al."
- If you use a source that was cited in another source (a secondary source), name the original source in your signal phrase. List the secondary source in your reference list and include it in your parenthetical citation, preceded by the words “as cited in.” In the following example, Roller is the secondary source:
Lou Reed told us to "Take a walk on the wild side" (as cited in Roller, 2002, p. 89). In this situation, the quote by Lou Reed was found by the student as a quote in a book by Roller.
Other Internet/Online Database Information
If information is obtained from a document on the Internet, provide the Web site title and the Internet address for the document at the end of the retrieval statement. For example:
Reference examples for electronic source materials. (2003). Retrieved June 14, 2005, from APA Style.org
Web site: http://www.apastyle.org/elecsource.html
If information is obtained from an aggregated database (such as EBSCO), providing the name of the database is sufficient, no address is needed. For example:
Schwenk, T. (2002). Diagnosis of late life depression: The view from primary care. Biological
Psychiatry, 52(3), 157-163. Retrieved July 9, 2006, from the Academic Search
Premier database.
Finish the retrieval element with a period, unless it ends with an Internet address.
Reference List Sample Page
The following shows a complete reference list for a paper
on aids. Includes appropriate citations for print and online
encyclopedia articles, books, magazine, newspaper, and journal
articles from the actual periodicals or full-text databases,
DVDs, and a web site.
Aids 15
References
Alic, M. (2002). Women and their health. In Women's changing roles. Farmington Hills,
MI: Gale Group. Retrieved August 27, 2004, from Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center
database.
Altman, L. K. (2004, July 3). Aids rate will triple in 20 years. The New York Times, A1.
Retrieved August 24, 2004, from America's Newspapers database.
Arledge, E. (Producer). (1999). Surviving aids. [Motion picture]. Boston: WGBH Boston Video.
Comprehensive guide to HIV testing. (2004). Retrieved June 20, 2005, from AIDS.ORG Web
site: http://www.aids.org/info/testing.html
Cooper, M. H. (1995, April 21). Combating AIDS. CQ Researcher, 345-367. Retrieved
August 21, 2004, from CQ Researcher Online database.
Gerhard, S. (2003). Pregnant women and newborns should not be treated with AZT. In T.L.
Roleff et al. (Eds.) AIDS: Opposing viewpoints. San Diego: Greenhaven Press.
Harmon, J. (2000). AIDS in the new millennium (2nd ed.). Los Angeles: New Media Press.
HIV/AIDS among us women: Minority and young women at continuing risk. (2003, March 27).
CDC: National Center for HIV, STD, and TB prevention fact sheets. Atlanta, GA:
CDC. Retrieved August 26, 2004, from http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pubs/facts/
women.htm
HIV/AIDS in women. (1998). In K. Bellenir (Ed.) AIDS sourcebook: Health reference series
(2nd ed.). Detroit, MI: Omnigraphics.
Hoskin, F. (2003, January 31). Women and health: The Pai report card 2002, condoms count
in the era of HIV/AIDS. Women's International Network (WIN News), 23. Retrieved
August 27, 2004, from ProQuest, Gender Watch database.
Kowalski, K. M. (2002, December). Teens and HIV: A growing concern. Current Health 2, 6+.
Study analyzes causes of death among women with AIDS. (2002, August 22). Women's Health
Weekly 22, 17+. Retrieved August 25, 2004, from Academic Search Premier database.
United States HIV & AIDS statistics: Women. (2003). Retrieved June 14, 2005, from
AVERT.ORG Web site: http://www.avert.org/womstata.htm
Zuger, A. (2006). AIDS. In Grolier multimedia encyclopedia. Retrieved
July 12, 2006, from Grolier Online database.
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